Dilhybrid Test Cross : The progency is obtained from dihybrid test cross are four types and each of them is 25%.

Reciprocal Cross : When two parents are used in two experiments in such a way that in one experiment ‘‘A’’ is used as the female parent and ‘‘B’’ is used as the male parent, in the other experiment ‘‘A’’ will be used as the male parent and ‘‘B’’ as the female parent. Such type of a set of two experiments is called Reciprocal cross.

Linkage: Collective inheritance of character is called linkage. First time seen by Bateson and Punnett.

Linkag group : All the genes which which are loacated on one pair of homologous chromosome form one linkage group. Genes which are located on homologous chromosomes are allelic so we consider one linkage group.

Sex Linkage: When the genes of vegetative / somatic characters are present on sex-chromosome is termed as sex linked gene and such phenomenon is known as sex-linkage. Two – types of sex linkage.

X-linkage : Genes of sometic characters are found on x-chromosome. the inheritance of x-linked character may be through the males and females. e.g., Haemophilia, Colour blindness.

Y-linkage : The genes of somatic characters are located on Y-chromosome. The inheritance of such type of character only through the males, such type of character is called Holandric character. These characters only found in male.

Epistasis : When, a gene prevents the expression of another non-allelic gene, then it is known as epistatic gene and this phenomenon is known as Epistasis. Gene which inhibit the expression of another non-alleleic gene is called epistatic gene and expression of gene which is suppressed by epistatic gene is called hypostatic gene.

Complementary Gene : Two pair of non allelic genes are essential in dominant form to produce a particuar character. Such genes that act together to produce an effect that neither can produce, its effect separately are called complementary genes. Both types of gene must be present in dominant form.

Variation – Individuals of same species have some difference, these are called variation.

Superorganic: This is a term coined by Herbert Spencer in 1867 and utilized by Kroeber to help explain his view of culture and culture change. He viewed culture as an entity in-and-of itself and separate from the individual. To accurately understand culture, a separate body of theory and methodology specific to culture must be utilized.

Cultural Relativism: This tenant holds that the beliefs, customs, practices and rituals of an individual culture must be observed and evaluated from the perspective in which they originate and are manifested. This is the only way to truly understand the meaning of observations and place them in historical context.

Population genetics is the study of allele frequencies in groups of organisms of the same species in the same geographic area.

The genes in a population comprise its gene pool.

Microevolution reflects changes in allele frequencies in populations.

Descent refers to a person’s affiliation and association with his/her kinsman.

Collateral kinship is the relationship between people who descend from a common ancestor but are not in a direct line.

Multivocality: Accepting multiple interpretations and approaches as being complementary in understanding archaeological material.

Allele- alternative form of a gene at a locus.

Cline- the distribution of a trait or allele across geographical space

Ethnography-  the study of the geographical distribution of racial groups and the relationship between them and their environments.

Haplotypes- a series or combination of closely linked loci.

Locus- the position of a gene on a chromosome.

Monogenism- the belief that all human races descended from a common ancestral type.

Polygenism- the theory that all human races descended from two or more ancestral types.

Race- a group of populations of a species distinct from other groups of the same species in some characteristics.

Racialism- the belief in or practice of the doctrine of racism.

Racism-a belief that human races have distinctive characteristics that determine their respective cultures, usually involving a false idea that one’s race is superior and has the right to control others.

Species- groups of interbreeding organisms of common descent with certain constant specific hereditary characteristics in common and reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Subspecies- a group of individuals or populations that share a number of characteristics in common and frequently geographically limited.

Acheulean – Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominin stone tool industry. The Acheulean tool complex is often characterized by a high percentage of bifacially flaked stone cores and the presence of tear-drop shaped tools referred to as ‘hand axes’.