Descent groups – lineages
When unilineal descent principle (traces descent only through a single line of ancestors,
male or female) is applied people become members of multigenerational groups of close relatives called lineages.

Types- depending on whether links are traced through women or men.

1. Matrilineages
2. Patrilineages

Members of a lineage can actually trace links back to common ancestor.

Descent groups –Clan

• Societies with lineages often define larger, more inclusive kin groups called clans – groups of people who claim descent from a common ancestor but cannot specify all actual links.
• Ancestor is often genealogically so remote that he/she is thought of as a mythical being.
• Such distant, non-human ancestors become identifying symbols of the clan, or totems.

Descent groups – phratries.

Some unilineal societies group clans into even larger-scale unilineal descent groups called phratries.
Actual genealogical links are not clear – phratry ancestors are usually mythical.

Descent groups – Moieties

• Entire societies may be divided into two large unilineal descent groups that have reciprocal responsibilities.
• Moieties are intended to produce a balanced opposition within society – linked pairs assume complementary positions & functions.
• Constantly reinforced social & economic exchanges encourages economic equality & political stability.
• Moieties are usually exogamous.
• Each moiety takes husbands & wives from matched group.
• Moiety members cannot demonstrate descent links back to supposed common ancestor.

Descent groups – Kindred